There is also a Prezi about Rhetoric where I have added two speeches here.
(Retorikk, 2008)
Sources:
What is Rhetoric?
•
It originates from Greek: RETO = the art of
speech
• A
tool to understand
• A
tool to evaluate
• A
tool to use
In other words, rhetoric is both a tool to understand and to
evaluate
what is written or said; it is also a tool when wanting to write or give
a good speech.
what is written or said; it is also a tool when wanting to write or give
a good speech.
How?
Invention (inventio) facts, arguments, views
Arrangement (dispositio) introduction, body,
conclusion
Style (elocutio):
•
high (charm)– appeals to noble feelings
• middle
(move) – appeals to reason
•
low (instruction) – appeals to common,aggressive
feelings
Aristotle was Plato’s student and he
wrote The Art of Rhetoric
in which he says that there are three steps also called offices of
rhetoric: Invention, arrangement and style. In the first step it is
important to think of all possible facts, arguments and points of
view that in one way or another may persuade the listener and
make him or her support your ideas.
Step number two is to arrange the arguments in an order that
places the listener in the right mood so that s/he at the end will
agree to whatever the speaker sets out to do.
Finally, there is style, which means that the speaker will have to
have the audience and the purpose in mind (does this ring a bell?).
Closely connected to style is the use of linguistic devices.
in which he says that there are three steps also called offices of
rhetoric: Invention, arrangement and style. In the first step it is
important to think of all possible facts, arguments and points of
view that in one way or another may persuade the listener and
make him or her support your ideas.
Step number two is to arrange the arguments in an order that
places the listener in the right mood so that s/he at the end will
agree to whatever the speaker sets out to do.
Finally, there is style, which means that the speaker will have to
have the audience and the purpose in mind (does this ring a bell?).
Closely connected to style is the use of linguistic devices.
In
addition, Aristotle
points to three different types of proof for
rhetoric being used: ethos, pathos and logos. These are used to
persuade and put the listeners in the right mood. Examples of
use of pathos can be metaphors, amplification (exaggeration),
storytelling, whereas logos appeals will refer to eg statistics
and math to sound objective. (Abrams)
rhetoric being used: ethos, pathos and logos. These are used to
persuade and put the listeners in the right mood. Examples of
use of pathos can be metaphors, amplification (exaggeration),
storytelling, whereas logos appeals will refer to eg statistics
and math to sound objective.
Audience appeals/how to affect the audience:
•
Ethos – does the speaker stand out as
trustworthy and
reliable (not by who s/he is, but by what s/he says and does)
reliable (not by who s/he is, but by what s/he says and does)
•
Pathos – passion, the audience is moved
by what the
speaker says
speaker says
• Logos
– plays on reason to construct an argument
Some linguistic features found in rhetoric:
• Metaphor: «a thing regarded
as representative or symbolic
of something else,” e.g my love is a rose, he was a snake,
battered by the storms of persecution
of something else,” e.g my love is a rose, he was a snake,
battered by the storms of persecution
• Simile:" a figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing
with another thing of a different kind, used to make a
description more emphatic or vivid (e.g. as brave as a lion)."
with another thing of a different kind, used to make a
description more emphatic or vivid (e.g. as brave as a lion)."
•
Hyperbole
– "exaggerated statements or claims not meant to
be taken literally," eg cure the disease and kill the patient
be taken literally," eg cure the disease and kill the patient
•
Allusion – "an expression designed to call
something to
mind without mentioning it explicitly," a hint
mind without mentioning it explicitly," a hint
• Repetition
- anaphora in the beginning of
several
sentences – epistrophe in the end of several sentences,
(leaves no one in doubt)
sentences – epistrophe in the end of several sentences,
(leaves no one in doubt)
•
Personal
rapport – "a close and harmonious relationship
in which the people or groups concerned understand each
other's feelings or ideas and communicate well".
The use of personal pronouns (I, you, we) will enhance this.
in which the people or groups concerned understand each
other's feelings or ideas and communicate well".
The use of personal pronouns (I, you, we) will enhance this.
•
Juxtaposition – contrast eg black and white,
cold and hot,
war and peace – helps clarify the message
war and peace – helps clarify the message
•
Vocabulary
and connotations: "an idea or feeling which a
word invokes for a person in addition to its literal or primary
meaning" eg change, justice, common dreams
word invokes for a person in addition to its literal or primary
meaning" eg change, justice, common dreams
• References to historical events and symbolism: "the use of
symbols to represent ideas or qualities" eg Martin Luther
King Jr, flowers, a white dove, a black sheep
(Oxford University Press,
2014)
symbols to represent ideas or qualities" eg Martin Luther
King Jr, flowers, a white dove, a black sheep
Sources:
Abrams, M.
(u.d.). A Glossary of Literary Terms. New York: HBC Publishers.
Oxford University Press. (2014). Oxford
Dictionaries.
Hentet 09 15, 2014 fra Oxford University Press: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/rhetoric
Hentet 09 15, 2014 fra Oxford University Press: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/rhetoric
vg3, T. (2008). Retorikk.
I Tema vg3 (s. kapittel 3). Fagbokforlaget.
